Fikih Ekonomi dan Keuangan Syariah (Hukum Fintech, Bitcoin, Kripto, dan Riba Kontemporer)

Abstract

The rapid development of digital technology has driven innovation in the economic and financial sectors, including the emergence of financial technology (fintech), Bitcoin, crypto assets, and various digital financial services. While these innovations provide significant benefits in terms of efficiency, accessibility, and financial inclusion, they also raise legal issues from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence, particularly concerning contracts (akad), riba (usury), gharar (uncertainty), and maysir (gambling). This study aims to analyze the legal status of fintech, Bitcoin, crypto assets, and contemporary riba from the perspective of Islamic economic and financial jurisprudence. The research employed a qualitative descriptive approach using a library research method. Data were collected from the Qur'an, Hadith, classical and contemporary Islamic jurisprudence literature, fatwas issued by the Indonesian National Sharia Council (DSN-MUI), relevant regulations, and reputable national and international scholarly journals. The data were analyzed using content analysis through the processes of data reduction, data presentation, interpretation, and conclusion drawing. The findings indicate that fintech is generally permissible provided it applies Sharia-compliant contracts and is free from elements of riba, gharar, maysir, and other prohibited practices. The legal status of Bitcoin and crypto assets remains a matter of contemporary ijtihād, depending on the characteristics of the assets, their intended use, and transaction mechanisms. Meanwhile, riba remains prohibited even when conducted through digital platforms because technological advancement does not alter its legal substance. Therefore, the implementation of maqāṣid al-sharī'ah serves as an essential framework for evaluating digital financial innovations to ensure justice, public benefit, and legal certainty in accordance with Islamic principles.