Hakikat dan Paradigma Kurikulum dalam Perspektif Pendidikan Abad ke-21

Abstract

This article discusses the nature and paradigm of curriculum in 21st-century education through a library research approach. Curriculum is understood not merely as a list of subjects, but as a system encompassing ideas, documents, processes, and educational praxis. The development of curriculum definitions indicates a paradigm shift from content-oriented approaches toward competency development and students’ learning experiences. The ideas of Ralph Tyler, Hilda Taba, and Michael Apple contribute significantly to understanding curriculum as a dynamic, systematic, and ideological educational instrument. In the 21st century, curriculum has transformed into a competency-based approach emphasizing critical thinking, creativity, collaboration, communication, and digital literacy. Therefore, curriculum serves as a strategic instrument in developing adaptive, character-driven learners who are capable of facing global challenges.